English Language Teaching (ELT) occurs in diverse contexts worldwide and is influenced by varying goals, learner needs, and educational environments. Understanding these contexts helps educators tailor their approaches to meet the specific requirements of their students effectively.
Native Context
In countries where English is the primary language (E.g., USA, UK, Canada, Australia, etc.), English is taught as a native language. The focus is refining linguistic skills, understanding literary texts, and developing advanced communication abilities.
Non-native Context
In countries where English is not the primary language, English is taught as a second language (ESL) or a foreign language (EFL). The objectives in these contexts often include achieving functional proficiency, aiding academic success, and enhancing career opportunities.
English as a Second Language (ESL)
English is taught to non-native speakers in a country where English is widely used as a second language for communication, education, or business (E.g., India, Nigeria, etc.). The emphasis is on practical language use in everyday situations and academic settings.
English as a Foreign Language (EFL)
English is taught in countries where it is not commonly spoken or used (E.g., Japan, China, etc.). It often focuses on grammar, vocabulary, and reading/writing skills, with limited opportunities for real-life communication practice.
Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL)
TESOL is a broad term for teaching English to non-native speakers, encompassing both ESL and EFL contexts. It is often used interchangeably with TEFL (Teaching English as a Foreign Language) and TESL (Teaching English as a Second Language). The focus is on preparing educators to teach English to non-native speakers in various settings around the world. TESOL certification programs prepare teachers to work in diverse teaching contexts.
English for Specific Purposes (ESP)
It is the tailored English courses designed to meet the specific needs of learners in particular professional or academic fields (E.g., medicine, engineering, business). The focus is on language skills and vocabulary specific to a certain industry or profession.
English for Academic Purposes (EAP)
English instruction focused on preparing non-native English speakers for academic study in English-speaking environments. Preparing students for university courses in English and teaching skills like essay writing, research methods, and academic presentations are examples.
English for Occupational Purposes (EOP)
These English courses are designed for individuals needing English for their professional roles and duties. The focus is on workplace communication, technical terminology, and job-specific language skills. English for hospitality industry workers and aviation professionals are examples.
Defining Standards and Proficiency Frameworks
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)
A widely used framework for gauging language proficiency across different languages. Six proficiency levels (A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2) range from beginner to proficient user. It provides a standardised way to measure and describe language proficiency across different languages and contexts.
Testing Agencies and Certifications
International English Language Testing System (IELTS)
IELTS measures English language proficiency for academic, immigration, and professional purposes. Its components are listening, reading, writing, and speaking. It is widely accepted by educational institutions, employers, and governments worldwide.
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
TOEFL assesses the English proficiency of non-native speakers, primarily for academic purposes. Its components are reading, listening, speaking, and writing. It is accepted by many universities and institutions globally.
APTIS
APTIS is the flexible English assessment developed by the British Council. Its components include grammar, vocabulary, reading, listening, writing, and speaking. APTIS is suitable for various contexts, including corporate and academic settings.
Business English Certificate (BEC)
BEC tests English language proficiency in a business context. It has three levels: preliminary, vantage, and higher. Employers and business schools value it.
Teacher Training Programmes and Certification
English and Foreign Languages University (EFLU)
EFLU, located in Hyderabad, India, offers a range of programmes in English language teaching, linguistics, and literature. These include B.Ed., M.A., Ph.D., and specialised teacher training courses. EFLU focuses on preparing teachers for both native and non-native contexts, with an emphasis on research and practical teaching skills.
Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)
IGNOU offers distance education programmes in India, including diplomas and certificates in English language teaching. It focuses on providing accessible education and training for in-service teachers and aspiring educators.
Certificate in English Language Teaching to Adults (CELTA)
CELTA is the intensive training for teaching English to adults, including practical teaching practice and theory offered by the University of Cambridge. It is highly regarded globally and often required for teaching positions in reputable language schools.
English Language Teaching (ELT) landscape in India and globally is diverse and complex, reflecting various contexts and needs. From historical roots established during British colonial rule to contemporary challenges and advancements, ELT encompasses various contexts, standards, and certifications. Understanding these contexts -ESL, EFL, TESOL, ESP, EAP, EOP -and the proficiency frameworks and testing mechanisms in place, such as CEFR, IELTS, TOEFL, APTIS, and BEC, is crucial for educators and learners. Additionally, teacher training programmes and certifications, such as those offered by EFLU, IGNOU, and CELTA, play a vital role in ensuring effective and high-quality English language teaching across various educational settings.